@article {83,
	title = {Heterogeneous Reactivity of Nitric Acid with Nascent Sea Spray Aerosol: Large Differences Observed between and within Individual Particles.},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2014},
	note = {CAPLUS AN 2014:1085495(Journal; Online Computer File)},
	pages = {2493 - 2500},
	publisher = {American Chemical Society},
	abstract = {Current climate and atm. chem. models assume that all sea spray particles react as if they are pure NaCl.  However, recent studies of sea spray aerosol particles have shown that distinct particle types exist (including sea salt, org. C, and biol. particles) as well as mixts. of these and, within each particle type, there is a range of single-particle chem. compns.  Because of these differences, individual particles should display a range of reactivities with trace atm. gases.  We studied the compn. of individual sea spray aerosol particles after heterogeneous reaction with nitric acid.  As expected, a replacement reaction of chloride with nitrate is obsd.; however, there is a large range of reactivities spanning from no reaction to complete reaction between and within individual sea spray aerosol particles.  These data clearly support the need for lab. studies of individual, environmentally relevant particles to improve our fundamental understanding as to the properties that det. reactivity. [on SciFinder(R)]},
	keywords = {heterogeneous reactivity nitrate nascent sea spray aerosol},
	isbn = {1948-7185},
	author = {Ault, Andrew P. and Guasco, Timothy L. and Baltrusaitis, Jonas and Ryder, Olivia S. and Trueblood, Jonathan V. and Collins, Douglas B. and Ruppel, Matthew J. and Cuadra-Rodriguez, Luis A. and Prather, Kimberly A. and Grassian, Vicki H.}
}
@article {98,
	title = {Bringing the ocean into the laboratory to probe the chemical complexity of sea spray aerosol.},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {110},
	year = {2013},
	note = {CAPLUS AN 2013:915844(Journal)},
	pages = {7550-7555, S7550/1-S7550/10},
	publisher = {National Academy of Sciences},
	abstract = {The prodn., size, and chem. compn. of sea spray aerosol (SSA) particles strongly depend on seawater chem., which is controlled by phys., chem., and biol. processes.  Despite decades of marine environment studies, a direct relationship has yet to be established between ocean biol. and physicochem. SSA properties.  The ability to establish such relationships is hindered because SSA measurements are typically dominated by overwhelming background aerosol concns., even in remote marine environments.  This work describes a newly developed approach to reproduce SSA chem. complexity a lab. setting, comprising a unique ocean/atm. facility equipped with actual breaking waves.  A mesocosm expt., performed with natural seawater using controlled phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria concns., showed SSA size and chem. mixing state are acutely sensitive to the aerosol prodn. mechanism and to the type of biol. species present.  The largest redn. in SSA hygroscopicity occurred as heterotrophic bacteria concns. increased, whereas phytoplankton and chlorophyll-a concns. decreased, directly corresponding to a change in mixing state in the smallest size range (60-180 nm).  Using this newly developed approach to generate realistic SSA, systematic studies can now be performed to advance the fundamental understanding of the effect of ocean biol. on SSA chem. mixing state, heterogeneous reactivity, and resulting climate-relevant properties. [on SciFinder(R)]},
	keywords = {air pollution sea spray aerosol, chem mixing state heterogeneous reactivity sea spray aerosol, controlled heterotrophic bacteria phytoplankton addn sea spray aerosol, sea spray aerosol prodn size chem compn assessment facility},
	isbn = {0027-8424},
	author = {Prather, Kimberly A. and Bertram, Timothy H. and Grassian, Vicki H. and Deane, Grant B. and Stokes, M. Dale and DeMott, Paul J. and Aluwihare, Lihini I. and Palenik, Brian P. and Azam, Farooq and Seinfeld, John H. and Moffet, Ryan C. and Molina, Mario J. and Cappa, Christopher D. and Geiger, Franz M. and Roberts, Gregory C. and Russell, Lynn M. and Ault, Andrew P. and Baltrusaitis, Jonas and Collins, Douglas B. and Corrigan, Craig E. and Cuadra-Rodriguez, Luis A. and Ebben, Carlena J. and Forestieri, Sara D. and Guasco, Timothy L. and Hersey, Scott P. and Kim, Michelle J. and Lambert, William F. and Modini, Robin L. and Mui, Wilton and Pedler, Byron E. and Ruppel, Matthew J. and Ryder, Olivia S. and Schoepp, Nathan G. and Sullivan, Ryan C. and Zhao, Defeng.}
}
@article {109,
	title = {Inside versus Outside: Ion Redistribution in Nitric Acid Reacted Sea Spray Aerosol Particles as Determined by Single Particle Analysis.},
	journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
	volume = {135},
	year = {2013},
	note = {CAPLUS AN 2013:1428969(Journal; Online Computer File)},
	pages = {14528 - 14531},
	publisher = {American Chemical Society},
	abstract = {Single particle anal. of individual sea spray aerosol particles showed cations (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) within individual particles undergo a spatial redistribution following heterogeneous reaction with HNO3, along with development of a more concd. layer of org. matter at the particle surface.  These data suggested specific ion and aerosol pH effects play an important role in aerosol particle structure in ways not previously recognized. [on SciFinder(R)]},
	keywords = {ion redistribution sea spray aerosol particle nitric acid reaction, single particle analysis monitoring ion redistribution sea spray aerosol},
	isbn = {0002-7863},
	author = {Ault, Andrew P. and Guasco, Timothy L. and Ryder, Olivia S. and Baltrusaitis, Jonas and Cuadra-Rodriguez, Luis A. and Collins, Douglas B. and Ruppel, Matthew J. and Bertram, Timothy H. and Prather, Kimberly A. and Grassian, Vicki H.}
}
@article {115,
	title = {Size-Dependent Changes in Sea Spray Aerosol Composition and Properties with Different Seawater Conditions.},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	volume = {47},
	year = {2013},
	note = {CAPLUS AN 2013:690844(Journal; Online Computer File)},
	pages = {5603 - 5612},
	publisher = {American Chemical Society},
	abstract = {Much uncertainty exists regarding the chem. diversity of particles in sea spray aerosol (SSA) and the degree of mixing between inorg. and org. species in individual SSA particles.  Single particle anal. of SSA particles was performed, integrating transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray anal. and scanning transmission x-ray microscopy with near edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, focusing on quantifying the relative fractions of different particle types from 30 nm to 1 μm.  SSA particles were produced from seawater in a unique ocean/atm. facility equipped with breaking waves.  Changes to SSA compn. and properties after adding biol. (bacteria, phytoplankton) and org. material (ZoBell growth media) were probed.  Sub-micrometer SSA particles could be sepd. into 2 distinct populations: one with a characteristic sea-salt core composed primarily of NaCl and an org. C and Mg2+ coating (SS-OC); and a second type consisting of org. C (OC) species more homogeneously mixed with cations and anions, but not Cl-.  SS-OC particles exhibited a range of sizes, compns., morphologies, and element distributions within each particle.  Following addn. of biol. and org. material to seawater, a change occurred in particle morphol. and crystn. behavior assocd. with increasing org. content for SS-OC particles.  The fraction of OC-type particles, mainly present at <180 nm, was dramatically enhanced with increased biol. activity.  These changes with size and seawater compn. have important implications for atm. processes, e.g., cloud droplet activation and heterogeneous reactivity. [on SciFinder(R)]},
	keywords = {size dependent change sea spray aerosol compn},
	isbn = {0013-936X},
	author = {Ault, Andrew P. and Moffet, Ryan C. and Baltrusaitis, Jonas and Collins, Douglas B. and Ruppel, Matthew J. and Cuadra-Rodriguez, Luis A. and Zhao, Defeng and Guasco, Timothy L. and Ebben, Carlena J. and Geiger, Franz M. and Bertram, Timothy H. and Prather, Kimberly A. and Grassian, Vicki H.}
}
